Impact of Dietary Habit, Iodine Supplementation and Smoking Habit on Urinary Iodine Concentration During Pregnancy in a Catalonia Population.

(1) Background: The nutritional status of women during pregnancy can have a considerable effect on maternal and fetal health, and on the perinatal outcome. Aim: to assess the changes occurring in dietary iodine intake, potassium iodide supplementation, and smoking habit, and the impact of these changes on the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy in a population of women in Catalonia (Spain). (2) Methods: Between 2009-2011, an observational study included a cohort of women whose pregnancies were monitored in the public health system in the Central and North Metropolitan areas of Catalonia. Women received individual educational counseling, a dietary questionnaire was completed, and a urine sample was collected for iodine determination at each trimester visit. (3) Results: 633 (67.9%) women answered the questionnaire at all 3 visits. The percentage of women with a desirable UIC (≥150 µg/L) increased from the first to the second trimester and remained stable in the third (57.3%, 68.9%, 68%; p < 0.001). Analysis of the relationship between UIC≥150 µg/L and the women's dietary habits showed that the percentage with UIC ≥150 µg/L increased with greater consumption of milk in the first trimester, and the same was true for iodized salt use in all three trimesters and iodine supplementation in all three. (4) Conclusion: During pregnancy, increased intake of milk, iodized salt, and iodine supplements were associated with an increase in the UIC.

Iodine nutritional status of women in their first trimester of pregnancy in Catalonia.

BACKGROUND: Sufficient iodine intake is needed during pregnancy to ensure proper fetal development. The iodine levels of women in their first trimester of pregnancy in Catalonia are currently unknown. This data would help to determine whether our public health services should establish recommendations or interventions in this line. The aim of this study was to investigate the iodine nutritional status, prevalence of urinary iodine <150 µg/L, and tobacco use in the first trimester of pregnancy in our setting. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Data were collected during 2008-2009 from women in their first trimester at the primary care centers of the province of Barcelona (Spain). Pregnant women included in the study completed a questionnaire on eating habits and underwent urinary iodine concentration (UIC) assessment. RESULTS: Nine hundred forty five women completed the dietary questionnaire and urinary iodine testing. Median UIC was 172 µg/L, with 407 participants (43.1%) showing levels <150 µg/L. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, intake of 1-2 glasses of milk per day, OR = 0.636 95% CI (0.45-0.90) or >2 glasses, OR = 0.593 95% CI (0.37-0.95); iodized salt consumption, OR = 0.678 95% CI (0.51-0. 90); and use of iodine supplementation, OR = 0.410 95% CI (0.31-0.54), protected against the risk of UIC <150 µg/L. Simultaneous consumption of iodized salt and milk (≥1 glass/day) showed a larger protective effect: OR = 0.427, 95% CI (0.31-0.54). CONCLUSION: The median UIC of the pregnant women surveyed indicated an acceptable iodine nutritional status according to the criteria established by the WHO and ICCIDD. The risk of urinary iodine <150 µg/L decreased with simultaneous consumption of milk and iodized salt, similar to the decrease seen with iodine supplementation.

Low Physical Activity and Its Association with Diabetes and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study.

Low physical activity (PA), or sedentary lifestyle, is associated with the development of several chronic diseases. We aimed to investigate current prevalence of sedentariness and its association with diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. PA was evaluated in a population-based, cross-sectional, randomly sampled study conducted in 2009-2010 in Spain. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (SF-IPAQ) was used to assess PA. 4991 individuals (median age 50 years, 57% women) were studied. Prevalence of sedentariness was 32.3% for men and 39% for women (p < 0.0001). Sex differences were particularly notable (age*sex interaction, p = 0.0024) at early and older ages. Sedentary individuals had higher BMI (28 vs. 27 kg/m2) and obesity prevalence (37 vs. 26%). Low PA was present in 44, 43, and 38% of individuals with known diabetes (KDM), prediabetes/unknown-diabetes (PREDM/UKDM), and normal glucose regulation (p = 0.0014), respectively. No difference between KDM and PREDM/UKDM (p = 0.72) was found. Variables independently associated (p < 0.05) with sedentariness were age, sex, BMI, central obesity, Mediterranean diet adherence, smoking habit, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and dyslipidemia. Low PA is on the rise in Spain, especially among women. Sedentariness is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors and may be responsible for the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes in this country.

Exploring the presence of narcolepsy in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: There are several case reports of patients with narcolepsy and schizophrenia, but a systematic examination of the association of both disorders has not been done. The aim of this work is to assess the frequency of narcolepsy with cataplexy in a large consecutive series of adult patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. METHODS: We screened 366 consecutive patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with a sleep questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepines scale (ESS) exploring narcoleptiform symptoms. Those who screened positive were assessed by a sleep specialist, and offered an HLA determination. CSF hypocretin-1 determination was proposed to those who were HLA DQB1*06:02 positive. RESULTS: On the screening questionnaire, 17 patients had an ESS score ≥11 without cataplexy, 15 had cataplexy-like symptoms with an ESS score < 11, and four had an ESS score ≥11 plus cataplexy-like symptoms. Of those, 24 patients were evaluated by a sleep specialist. Five of these 24 were HLA DQB1*06:02 positive, and three of these five subjects underwent lumbar puncture showing normal hypocretin-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that narcolepsy with cataplexy is not an unrecognized disease in adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy is associated with a distinct glycemic profile.

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) have been associated with a high remission rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether such remission is associated with full restoration of postprandial glucose profile and/or the potentially nonrestored glycemic profile is associated with altered beta cell function, and relapse of T2DM over time is unknown. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies comparing (1) glucose and proinsulin/insulin response to a standardized liquid mixed meal (SLMM) challenge (n = 31), (2) glucose response in normal living conditions assessed using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (n = 16), and prospective observational study comparing (3) rates of relapse of T2DM after surgery (n = 232) in subjects with remission of T2DM ensuing RYGBP or SG. RESULTS: In RYGB individuals, SLMM elicited faster and sharper rise in plasma glucose compared with SG, with 88.2% and 42.9% of the study subjects presenting respectively a peak glucose more than 180 mg/dL (all, P < 0.05). During CGM, average percent time in hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic range was larger in RYGBP (respectively, 4.6% and 12.7%) compared with SG subjects (respectively, 0.4% and 3.2%; both P < 0.05). However, (1) no differences were found in fasting or stimulated proinsulin/insulin ratio, and (2) higher rates of T2DM relapse were observed after SG (hazard ratio: 2.339; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Remission of T2DM after RYGBP and SG is associated with distinct glycemic profiles. However, longer time spent in hyperglycemia and in hypoglycemia after RYGBP compared with SG is not associated with persistence of altered beta cell function or higher rates of relapse of T2DM over time.

Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population: The Di@bet.es study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population using an ecological focus. METHODS: The Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with lifestyle. SAMPLE: 5,061 subjects in 100 clusters. VARIABLES: Clinical, demographic and lifestyle survey, physical examination, and blood sampling. The mean annual temperature (°C) for each study site was collected from the Spanish National Meteorology Agency (1971-2000). RESULTS: The prevalence rates of obesity in the different geographical areas divided according to mean annual temperature quartiles were 26.9% in quartile 1 (10.4-14.5°C), 30.5% in quartile 2 (14.5-15.5°C), 32% in quartile 3 (15.5-17.8°C), and 33.6% in quartile 4 (17.8-21.3°C) (P = 0.003). Logistic regression analyses including multiple socio-demographic (age, gender, educational level, marital status) and lifestyle (physical activity, Mediterranean diet score, smoking) variables showed that, as compared with quartile 1, the odd ratios for obesity were 1.20 (1.01-1.42), 1.35 (1.12-1.61), and 1.38 (1.14-1.67) in quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = 0.001 for difference, P < 0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports an association between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population controlled for known confounders.

Variable patterns of obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes and their association with lifestyle factors in the Di@bet.es study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Prevalence rates of "metabolically healthy obese" (MHO) subjects vary depending on the criteria used. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of MHO subjects and metabolically abnormal normal-weight subjects and compared the findings with the NHANES 1999-2004 study. The aims of the present study were, first, to determine the prevalence rates of MHO and MNHNO subjects using the same criteria as those of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999-2004) study, and second to compare the prevalence and correlates of obese subjects who are resistant to the development of adiposity-associated cardiometabolic abnormalities (CA) and normal-weight individuals who display cardiometabolic risk factor clustering between the Spanish and the US populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults conducted in 2009-2010. Clinical, metabolic, sociodemographic, and anthropometric data and information about lifestyle habits, such as physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol intake and food consumption, were collected. Subjects were classified according to their body mass index (BMI) (normal-weight, <25 kg/m(2); overweight, 25-29.9 kg/m(2); and obese, >30 kg/m(2)). CA included elevated blood pressure; elevated levels of triglycerides, fasting glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); and elevated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level. Two phenotypes were defined: metabolically healthy phenotype (0-1 CA) and metabolically abnormal phenotype (≥2 CA). The prevalence of metabolically abnormal normal-weight phenotype was slightly lower in the Spanish population (6.5% vs. 8.1%). The prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight and MHO subjects was 20.9% and 7.0%, respectively, while in NHANES study it was 17.9% and 9.7%, respectively. Cigarette smoking was associated with CA in each phenotype, while moderate physical activity and moderate alcohol intake were associated with being metabolically healthy. Olive oil intake was negatively associated with the prevalence of CA. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking, physical activity level, and alcohol intake contribute to the explanation of the prevalence of CA in the Spanish population, as in the US population. However in Spain, olive oil intake contributes significantly to the explanation of the variance in the prevalence of CA.

Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and its association with glucose metabolism in Spain: The di@bet. es study

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a significant contributor to the elevated CVD risk observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with glucose metabolism status in a representative sample of the adult population in Spain and the percentage of subjects at guideline-recommended LDL-C goals. Material and methods: The di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults. Results: A total of 4776 subjects were studied. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 56.8% of subjects; only 13.2% of subjects were treated with lipid lowering drugs. Lipid abnormalities were found in 56.8% of Spanish adults: 23.3% with high LDL-C, 21.5% high TG, 35.8% high non-HDL-C, and 17.2% low HDL-C. Most normal subjects showed an LDL-C ≤ 3.36 mmol/l. Pre-diabetics presented similar proportion when considering a goal of 3.36 mmol/l, but only 35% of them reached an LDL-C goal ≤ 2.6 mmol/l. Finally, 45.3% of diabetics had an LDL-C ≤ 2.6 mmol/l, and only 11.3% achieved an LDL-C ≤ 1.8 mmol/l. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult Spanish population, and a low use of lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, the number of subjects achieving their corresponding LDL-C goal is small, particularly in subjects at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics

Introducción: La dislipidemia es uno de los factores más importantes implicados en el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular en la diabetes tipo 2. En el presente estudio evaluamos la prevalencia de dislipidemia y su asociación con el metabolismo hidrocarbonado en una muestra representativa de población adulta española y el porcentaje de sujetos que alcanzaron el objetivo de cLDL. Material y métodos: El estudio Di@bet.es está basado en los datos obtenidos de una encuesta nacional transversal en 5.728 adultos. Resultados: Se estudiaron 4.776 sujetos. La dislipidemia fue diagnosticada en el 56,8% de los sujetos; solo el 13,2% de los individuos estaban en tratamiento con fármacos hipolipemiantes. Las alteraciones lipídicas se distribuyeron del siguiente modo: 23,3% tenían cLDL elevado, el 21,5% TG elevados, el 35,8% elevación de colesterol no HDL, y el 17,2% cHDL bajo. La mayor parte de los sujetos sanos tenían cLDL ≤ 3,36 mmol/l. Los individuos prediabéticos presentaron una proporción similar si consideramos como objetivo cLDL ≤ 3,36 mmol/l, pero solo el 35% de ellos alcanzaron un objetivo de cLDL≤ 2,6 mmol/l. Finalmente, el 45,3% de los diabéticos tenían cLDL≤ 2,6 mmol/l, y solo el 11,3% alcanzaron cLDL-C ≤ 1,8 mmol/l. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra una elevada prevalencia de dislipidemia en población adulta española, y un escaso uso de fármacos hipolipemiantes. Además, el número de sujetos que alcanzaron el objetivo de cLDL fue muy pequeño, especialmente en sujetos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular como los diabéticos

GLP-1 and glucose tolerance after sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Although GLP-1 has been suggested as a major factor for the marked improvement of glucose tolerance commonly seen after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), several observations challenge this hypothesis. To better understand the role of GLP-1 in the remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) long term after SG in humans, we conducted two separate cross-sectional studies: 1) the GLP-1 response to a standardized mixed liquid meal (SMLM) was compared in subjects with T2DM antedating SG but with different long-term (>2 years) T2DM outcomes (remission, relapse, or lack of remission) (study 1) and 2) the effect of GLP-1 receptor blockade with exendin (9-39) on glucose tolerance was examined in subjects with T2DM antedating surgery, who had undergone SG and presented with long-term T2DM remission (study 2). In study 1, we observed a comparable GLP-1 response to the SMLM regardless of the post-SG outcome of T2DM. In study 2, the blockade of GLP-1 action resulted in impaired insulin secretion but limited deterioration of glucose tolerance. Thus, our data suggest the enhanced GLP-1 secretion observed long term after SG is neither sufficient nor critical to maintain normal glucose tolerance in subjects with T2DM antedating the surgery.

Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and its association with glucose metabolism in Spain: the di@bet.es study.

INTRODUCTION: Dyslipidemia is a significant contributor to the elevated CVD risk observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with glucose metabolism status in a representative sample of the adult population in Spain and the percentage of subjects at guideline-recommended LDL-C goals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey of 5728 adults. RESULTS: A total of 4776 subjects were studied. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 56.8% of subjects; only 13.2% of subjects were treated with lipid lowering drugs. Lipid abnormalities were found in 56.8% of Spanish adults: 23.3% with high LDL-C, 21.5% high TG, 35.8% high non-HDL-C, and 17.2% low HDL-C. Most normal subjects showed an LDL-C ≤ 3.36 mmol/l. Pre-diabetics presented similar proportion when considering a goal of 3.36 mmol/l, but only 35% of them reached an LDL-C goal ≤ 2.6 mmol/l. Finally, 45.3% of diabetics had an LDL-C ≤ 2.6 mmol/l, and only 11.3% achieved an LDL-C ≤ 1.8 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult Spanish population, and a low use of lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, the number of subjects achieving their corresponding LDL-C goal is small, particularly in subjects at high cardiovascular risk, such as diabetics.

Relevance of beta-cell function for improved glycemic control after gastric bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Residual beta-cell function and gastrointestinal hormones have been suggested as relevant determinants of improved glycemic control ensuing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The objective of this study was to compare the glycemic control up to 24 months after RYGB in C-peptide negative morbidly obese (MO) type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1 DM) women (n = 7) and C-peptide positive (>.6 ng/mL) MO women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM, n = 7) on basal-bolus insulin therapy. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon response to a mixed meal challenge were also compared between groups. METHODS: Percent excess weight loss (%EWL), HbA1c, and daily insulin dose (DID) after RYGB were compared between groups. The GLP-1 and glucagon response (area under the curve 0-120 minutes) after a mixed meal at last follow-up visit were also compared. RESULTS: At 24-months, marked %EWL was observed in women with T1 DM and women with T2 DM (mean±standard error, 82.6% ± 11.3% and 87.4% ± 30.5%, respectively; P = .722]. In women with T1 DM, HbA1c (4 months, P<.05) and DID improved transiently (P<.05, up to 8 months) but were comparable to baseline thereafter (HbA1c: baseline, 8.3 ± 1.2 and 24 months, 8.2 ± .9, P = 1.00; DID: baseline, .61 ± .17 and 24 months .62 ± .12 IU/kg/d, P = 1.00]. In contrast, in MO women with T2 DM, HbA1c decreased significantly throughout follow-up, with 2 patients presenting diabetes remission and all but one an HbA1c<7% at 24 months. The GLP-1 response was comparable between groups (P = .612), and was not accompanied by suppression of the glucagon response to meal intake. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of residual beta-cell, RYGB results in no significant benefit on glycemic control, despite a marked response of GLP-1 to meal intake.

Family history in the diagnosis of monogenic diabetes "leads and misleads".

Always granting that de novo mutations are possible, family history and biological characteristics are nonetheless crucial for the diagnosis of monogenic diabetes. We report here the case of two patients with monogenic diabetes in which the initial family history misled the diagnostic work-up and did not support the diagnosis. Family history details changed substantially after the molecular diagnosis was established.

Iron and obesity status-associated insulin resistance influence circulating fibroblast-growth factor-23 concentrations.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is known to be produced by the bone and linked to metabolic risk. We aimed to explore circulating FGF-23 in association with fatness and insulin sensitivity, atherosclerosis and bone mineral density (BMD). Circulating intact FGF-23 (iFGF-23) and C-terminal (CtFGF-23) concentrations (ELISA) were measured in 133 middle aged men from the general population in association with insulin sensitivity (Cohort 1); and in association with fat mass and bone mineral density (DEXA) and atherosclerosis (intima media thickness, IMT) in 78 subjects (52 women) with a wide range of adiposity (Cohort 2). Circulating iFGF-23 was also measured before and after weight loss. In all subjects as a whole, serum intact and C-terminal concentrations were linearly and positively associated with BMI. In cohort 1, both serum iFGF-23 and CtFGF-23 concentrations increased with insulin resistance. Serum creatinine contributed to iFGF-23 variance, while serum ferritin and insulin sensitivity (but not BMI, age or serum creatinine) contributed to 17% of CtFGF-23 variance. In cohort 2, CtFGF-23 levels were higher in women vs. men, and increased with BMI, fat mass, fasting and post-load serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and PTH, being negatively associated with circulating vitamin D and ferritin levels. The associations of CtFGF-23 with bone density in the radius, lumbar spine and carotid IMT were no longer significant after controlling for BMI. Weight loss led to decreased iFGF-23 concentrations. In summary, the associations of circulating FGF-23 concentration with parameters of glucose metabolism, bone density and atherosclerosis are dependent on iron and obesity status-associated insulin resistance.

GLP-1 and the long-term outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and the long-term (>2 years) outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 18 T2DM morbidly obese subjects who underwent RYGBP but differed in the long-term outcome of T2DM (remission: G1, n = 6; relapse: G2, n = 6; lack of remission: G3: n = 6). Groups were matched for their sex, age, and body mass index. The GLP-1, glucose, C-peptide, and glucagon responses to a standardized test meal (STM) were evaluated. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were estimated from the STM and by frequently sampling intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body composition. RESULTS: Patients in G1 presented a lower area under the curve (AUC0-120) of glucose in response to the STM as compared with G2, and G3 (P < 0.01). In contrast, the AUC0-120 of GLP-1 (P = 0.884) and glucagon (P = 0.630) did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Indices of insulin secretion adjusted by the prevailing insulin sensitivity derived from STM and FSIVGTT, demonstrated larger ß-cell function in subjects in G1 as compared with G2 or G3 (Disposition Index-STM, P = 0.005; DI-FSIVGTT, P = 0.006). Body composition and inflammatory markers did not differ significantly among the 3 study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that in subjects with T2DM an enhanced GLP-1 response to meal intake is not sufficient to maintain normal glucose tolerance in the long term after RYGBP. Our data suggest that ß-cell function is a key determinant of the long-term remission of T2DM after this bariatric surgery technique.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Spain using regional cutoff points for waist circumference: the di@bet.es study.

The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Spain using specific cutoff points for waist circumference (WC) (>94.5 cm for men and >89.5 cm for women) and evaluating the influence of several socio-demographic and economic factors. Data on MetS were obtained from a national study of 4,727 subjects from 18 to 90 years of age, conducted in Spain between 2009 and 2010 (The di@bet.es study). MetS was defined applying the new Harmonized definition (evaluating the use of abdominal obesity (AO) as a obligatory criterion for MetS or not) as well as with other widely used criteria. Results were then compared with data from previous studies. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the influence of different social factors. The age-standardized MetS prevalence was 38.37 % (CI 35.74-40.99) in men and 29.62 % (CI 27.56-31.69) in women, when AO was required as a diagnostic criterion; 42.13 % (CI 39.37-44.89) and 32.31 % (CI 30.15-34.47) in men and women, respectively, if AO was not considered mandatory. Prevalence of MetS increased with age (p < 0.001 for trend). Women with a lower educational level were more likely to have MetS (OR 4.4; 95 % CI: 2.84-6.7) as compared with those with a higher educational level. Subjects with MetS had a worse physical quality of life. The combination of AO, hypertension and carbohydrate alterations was the most common MetS' pattern. A high prevalence of MetS was detected in the Spanish population especially in men, the elderly and women with a low educational level.

GLP-1 action and glucose tolerance in subjects with remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been suggested as a major factor for the improved glucose tolerance ensuing after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) surgery. We examined the effect of blocking endogenous GLP-1 action on glucose tolerance in subjects with sustained remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) present before RYGBP. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide levels were measured after a meal challenge with either exendin-(9-39) (a GLP-1r antagonist) or saline infusion in eight subjects with sustained remission of T2DM after RYGBP and seven healthy controls. RESULTS: Infusion of exendin-(9-39) resulted in marginal deterioration of the 2-h plasma glucose after meal intake in RYGBP subjects [saline 78.4 ± 15.1 mg/dL compared with exendin-(9-39) 116.5 ± 22.3 mg/dL; P < 0.001]. Furthermore, glucose response to meal intake was similarly enlarged in the two study groups [percent change in the area under the curve of glucose exendin-(9-39) infusion versus saline infusion: controls 10.84 ± 8.8% versus RYGBP 9.94 ± 8.4%; P = 0.884]. In the RYGBP group, the blockade of the enlarged GLP-1 response to meal intake resulted in reduced insulin (P = 0.001) and C-peptide (P < 0.001), but no change in glucagon (P = 0.258) responses. CONCLUSIONS: The limited deterioration of glucose tolerance on blockade of GLP-1 action in our study suggests the resolution of T2DM after RYGBP may be explained by mechanisms beyond enhancement of GLP-1 action.

Use of drugs related to the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish population. The Di@bet.es study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the patterns of use of 8 therapeutic drug groups for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors, and to identify sociodemographic and health determinants of their use in the overall Spanish population. METHODS: A representative sample of the Spanish population within the Di@bet.es study, a cross-sectional population-based survey, was included. STUDY VARIABLES: sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data; physical examination, and an oral glucose tolerance test in patients without known diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, patients were systematically queried about current medication use, and 8 pharmacotherapeutic groups were evaluated: lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensives, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, thyroid hormone, uricosurics, psychoactive drugs, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of the Spanish population was taking at least one medication. Therapeutic drug use was associated with age, independently of the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia in older patients. Sex disparities were found in the use of lipid-lowering agents, allopurinol, levothyroxine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and psychoactive drugs. Use of psychoactive drugs was related to education level, work status, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Almost 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus were taking 6 or more medications daily. Diabetes mellitus was associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Age and sex are the most important factors determining therapeutic drug use. Lifestyle patterns and sociocultural factors have an impact only on psychoactive drug use. Diabetes mellitus is associated with greater use of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Factors affecting levels of urinary albumin excretion in the general population of Spain: the Di@bet.es study.

The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of urinary ACR (albumin/creatinine ratio) >30 mg/g and the associated clinical and environmental factors in a representative sample of the population of Spain. Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in 2009-2010. Clinical, metabolic, socio-demographic, anthropometric data and information about lifestyle habit were collected. Those subjects without KDM (known diabetes mellitus) were given an OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test). Albumin and creatinine were measured in a urinary sample and ACR was calculated. The population prevalence of ACR >30 mg/g was 7.65% (adjusted for sex and age). The prevalence of ACR >30 mg/g increased with age (P<0.001). Subjects with carbohydrate metabolism disorders had a greater prevalence of ACR >30 mg/g but after being adjusted for age, sex and hypertension, was significant only in those subjects with UKDM (unknown diabetes mellitus) {OR (odd ratio), 2.07 [95% CI (confidence interval), 1.38-3.09]; P<0.001] and KDM [OR, 3.55 (95% CI, 2.63-4.80); P<0.001]. Prevalence of ACR >30 mg/g was associated with hypertension [OR, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.12-1.95); P=0.001], HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) [OR, 1.47 (95% CI, 1.13-1.92); P≤0.01], metabolic syndrome [OR, 2.17 (95% CI, 1.72-2.72); P<0.001], smoking [OR, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.06-1.83); P≤0.05], physical activity [OR, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.88); P≤0.01] and consumption of fish [OR, 0.38 (95% CI, 0.18-0.78); P≤0.01]. This is the first study that reports the prevalence of ACR >30 mg/g in the Spanish population. The association between clinical variables and other potentially modifiable environmental variables contribute jointly, and sometimes interactively, to the explanation of prevalence of ACR >30 mg/g. Many of these risk factors are susceptible to intervention.

Long-term effects of sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus in morbidly obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the rates and the predictors of long-term remission and the recurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). BACKGROUND: The durability of the improvement of T2DM after bariatric surgery is not well characterized. METHODS: One hundred fifty-three subjects with T2DM (RYGBP: n = 98; SG: n = 55) were evaluated for remission and recurrence of the disease throughout 35.4 ± 13.5 months' follow-up. The type of surgery, demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters were ascertained as predictors of T2DM outcomes. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses after a standard mixed liquid meal were compared between patients presenting with T2DM remission after RYGBP or SG. RESULTS: 75.2% of subjects presented with remission of T2DM lasting at least 12 months. However, in 12.1% of subjects, T2DM recurred. Regression analysis showed a longer duration of T2DM (P = 0.006), a higher presurgical glycated hemoglobin level (P = 0.019), insulin treatment at baseline (P = 0.001), and a lower excess weight loss at last follow-up visit (P < 0.001) as independent predictors for the lack of T2DM remission. Insulin use before surgery (P = 0.005), an older age (P = 0.05), and weight regain after remission (P = 0.021) predicted recurrence of the disease. Long-term remission of T2DM after SG or RYGBP was associated with a comparably enlarged GLP-1 response to a standard mixed liquid meal challenge. CONCLUSIONS: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and SG are associated with comparable remission rates of T2DM. However, insufficient weight loss or weight regain in those with a more advanced disease may hamper the benefits of these surgical techniques on T2DM.

Human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation test as a predictor of ovarian response and pregnancy in IVF cycles stimulated with GnRH agonist gonadotrophin treatment: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence supports a specific and broad role of androgen produced by theca cells in reproductive physiology. This pilot study evaluated the usefulness of hCG theca stimulation test in predicting ovarian response and pregnancy. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including 80 infertile women treated with IVF/ICSI. On Day 3 of the menstrual cycle preceding, the first IVF/ICSI cycle a blood sample was drawn to evaluate baseline FSH, estradiol (E(2)), 17-hydroxy-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone levels. All women then received 250 µg recombinant hCG s.c. and underwent a second blood sampling 24 h after hCG injection to measurement steroid serum levels. RESULTS: Percentage increment of E(2) but not its precursors was significantly higher in normo-responders and pregnancy cycles than in poor responders and non-pregnancy cycles (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively) diagnostic accuracy being 67 and 75%, respectively. The percentage increase in E(2) thus still fails in as many as 33 and 25% of patients in predicting ovarian response and pregnancy, respectively. In addition, E(2) concentrations are poorly reproducible and a wide range of variation in all serum steroids investigated-including E(2)-after hCG injection was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive power of the hCG test is based on E(2) but not androgen response to hCG injection. This test cannot be recommended in routine clinical practice because it is too laborious for screening purposes, shows great variability in the response obtained and its overall accuracy is not better than that reported for other available markers of ovarian reserve. The use of the currently available markers, antral follicle count and anti-Müllerian hormone, is therefore recommended.